CSS and Javascript for non-web developers

skills

beginner

CSS

Javascript

Published

November 27, 2024

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Overview

CSS and Javascript are central topics for web developers
As web tech dominates analytic tech, they’re increasingly of interest to analysts and other knowledge workers
- e.g. basically everything is built on browsers (esp. Chromium)
specific examples here are mainly R-ish
- theme-ing Shiny, Rmarkdown, and similar
- building custom Power BI visuals
the take-aways are generic
- it’s useful to separate content and style and scripting

Usual words of warning

No claims about expertise here
- this is a beginner’s session by a beginner
- definitely no stupid questions in this context
it’s also an overview, rather than anything more in-depth
- I wouldn’t expect to be that confident around CSS after just this session
- … but it’s a start

A view from web 1.0

Join me in the year 1998

Web 1.0 to whatever we’ve got now

source

A view from web 1.0

written in HTML
mixture of content and style and scripting

<font face="Helvetica, Arial" size="2">
  <font color="#000000">
  "NASA is deeply committed to spreading the unique knowledge that flows from its aeronautics and space research...."
  </font>
</font>

The stars look very different, etc, etc

the 2023 version is still written in HTML
much longer (10x)
but no style information
and plenty of linked javascript

<div class="margin-bottom-2">
  <h3 class="heading-16 line-height-md">NASA Kennedy Ready for Artemis II Moon Mission Ground Systems Testing</h3>
</div>

Where’s the style coming from

this atrocity
linked from the HTML page
gives styling info for all the elements included on the page

Minifying

CSS (and JavaScript) are downloaded by the browser
the larger the code, the slower the site
this is a huge problem
minifying is common - reducing the size of the code improves performance

Unminifying

.bg-carbon-black {
  background-color: #000;
}

.bg-spacesuit-white {
  background-color: #fff;
}

.bg-nasa-red {
  background-color: #f64137;
}

selector (what does this style apply to?)
declaration (which properties and which values?)
look at nasa_css_demin.css

So why so complicated?

there are lots of things that can be styled with CSS
- that makes things potentially complicated
- but it also means that styling can be both precise and very radical
from bare text to something really nice
growing ambitions from c.2000-ish / and a bit later
mad impressive CSS

Let’s have a play with something simpler

W3 Schools

Elements?

<h3 class="heading-16 line-height-md">
- name = h3
- class = heading-16 line-height-md

Style?

h3 {
  color: hotpink;
  text-align: right;
}

.key-word{
    color: red;
    text-shadow: 2px 2px #558abb;
    }
    
.glossary{
    background-color: white;
    color: blue;
    font-size: 150%;
    }

Lack of style

.horrid {
    animation: blinker 0.1s linear infinite;
}

@keyframes blinker {
  50% {
    opacity: 0;
  }
}

Why does this help?

the dream of the semantic web
CSS = cascading style sheets
- granular control over styling
strategy for managing complexity
- break out all the styling information into one place
- get it away from the content

An application: inline styling

I’ll style this text with some css
I’ll style this text with some css

I'll <span style = "color: red"> style this text with some css</span>

An application: linked CSS

we could link a CSS file via the yaml header of this page

format:
    revealjs:
        theme: [default, custom.scss]

we could style a single element with inline CSS

.reveal .slide-logo {
        height: 85px !important;
        width: 300px!important;
        max-width: unset !important;
        max-height: unset !important;
      }

and we can add to that single styling

.reveal h2 {
  color: red;
}

Five minutes of Javascript

scripting language
excellent integration with HTML and CSS
really powerful integration with Rmarkdown via htmltools

JS in Shiny

library(shiny)
ui <- fluidPage(
  tags$script(HTML("document.write('Hello World');")),
  tags$br(), 
  tags$script(src = "my_script.js"),
  tags$br(), 
  includeScript(path = "my_script2.js")
)
server <- function(input, output, session) {
}
shinyApp(ui, server)

Custom BI visualisations

nice walkthrough

Final

content and style and scripting