Excel foundations 2 (intermediate Excel session 2)

This is a session in our intermediate-level Excel skill builder course. This consists of five practical training sessions, designed to be taken together, that are aimed at helping users with some prior Excel experience build and consolidate their skills. The sessions are:

• Excel foundations 1
• Excel foundations 2 (this session)
• Lookups in Excel
• Excel programming
• Pivot tables and pivot charts

NoteSession materials

• .xlsx exercises
• .xlsx exercises (completed)

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TipForthcoming session(s)

Booking link	Date
Excel foundations 2 (intermediate Excel session 2)	10:00-12:00 Tue 11th November 2025

Session outline

• most Excel questions can be broken down into these five areas
  • Cells and formatting
  • Ranges and tables
  • References
  • Formulas
  • Functions
• we’ll look at formulas and functions in this session

Getting started

• files for today: + s02_exercises.xlsx as a starting-point for the exercises today + s02_exercises_final.xlsx is the end-point

TipTask

1. open the sample spreadsheet s02_exercises.xlsx and have a look around
2. find the service_use worksheet

Previously, on Building Excel Skills…

TipTask

1. Please find an example of number formatting on this worksheet. How would you alter this using a keyboard shortcut?
2. Try typing Ctrl + 1. What happens?
3. Find a table in the service_use worksheet. How would you convert that table to a range?
4. Find an example of a cell reference. What does $ do in a reference?
5. Find a named object on that worksheet. How would you change a name?

Formulas

• most of the calculations that you do in Excel will be based on formulas
• e.g. references (like =A2) are simple formulas
• formulas are written in the formula bar
• you start a formula with an =

TipTask

1. Select a blank cell on the sheet
2. Click in the formula bar and type =
3. After the =, type a simple sum (like 2+2)
4. Press Enter and see the result in the cell

Formulas

• let’s build a more interesting formula using SUM()
• SUM() adds up the values of all the cells referenced inside the brackets

TipTask

1. Click the cell next to Service A total
2. Then in the formula bar enter =SUM(B2:B14)

• : lets you specify a range of cells
• there are several other ways of doing this:
  • you could write SUM(B2, B3, B4, B5 .....)
  • if you select the range with the mouse, you might see your formula written as =SUM(service_t[service_a])

Formulas

TipTask

1. Please populate Service B total and Service C total
2. Can you figure out two ways of populating the Grand total value in the summary table?

Working with formulas

• formulas are the real power in Excel
• but they’re usually hidden in the background

TipTask

1. Try pressing Ctrl + ` (backtick). What do you see?

• you can also access this view by selecting Show Formulas button in the formulas section of the ribbon menu

Formula auditing

• Excel has lots of helpers for building functions
• we’ll investigate these tools as we start writing our own functions today

Working with formulas

• let’s make a new column using sum to give us daily totals across the three services

TipTask

1. Select the duty_manager column by clicking the column letter
2. Right click and select insert (or Ctrl + Shift + +)
3. Name the column daily_total
4. In the first cell in that column, use the sum function to add up the three service figures for that day
5. Now use the fill handle to populate the empty cells in that daily_total column
6. Finally, come out of the formula view (Ctrl + `)

MAX()

• now that we’ve used SUM(), we can use another useful function: MAX()
• this finds the maximum value in a specified range of cells

TipTask

1. select the empty cell next to Peak daily load
2. add a formula =MAX(E2:E14)

About functions

• Excel has hundreds of different functions
• you can think of functions as the verbs of an Excel worksheet

TipTask

1. Find the Function library
2. Try several new functions - and be ready to share the most interesting/surprising one with the group

Formula auditing

• both formulas and cell references get hard to pick out from data in more complicated workbooks

TipTask

• press Ctrl + ` (backtick) to open the formula auditing view

About functions

• four key bits of jargon: NAME, ARGUMENTS, SYNTAX, and RETURN
• each function has a name (like MAX()) that describes what the function does
• each function then has some arguments in the brackets after the name
  • in the MAX() example, our argument was the range of cells E2:E14
  • arguments control what the function works on
• each function has a syntax, which is how these arguments need to be arranged
• each function will return something
  • in the MAX() example, our returned value was the largest value found in that range

Function shortcuts and helpers

• Ctrl + ' copy-pastes the formula from the directly above verbatim
• Ctrl + D copies the formula from the cell above. This version updates relative references, so is usually the better choice for copying formulas
• Ctrl + A while typing the function name brings up the function argument interface
• Ctrl + Shift + A while typing the function name brings up the arguments inline help
• F3 to paste names into functions
• Shift + F3 to use the insert formula interface

Using functions together

• now that we’ve had a go with a couple of simple formulas, we should look at some more complicated formulas
• we want to count the number of shifts each manager did during the early part of January
• that takes a few steps, and a few functions

Using functions together

• we get a list of all the duty managers using =UNIQUE(F2:F14)
  • note that this formula spills - so it returns several cell’s worth of information
  • that’s unusual behaviour, and can cause trouble - watch out for #SPILL errors when Excel cannot fit the results into the desired location
• we count the shifts for each of those managers with =COUNTIF($F$2:$F$14, C21)
• then we calculate the busiest manager, and grab their name, using =INDEX(C18:C21, MATCH(MAX(D18:D21), D18:D21))

Busiest day

TipTask

1. Using a similar approach, can you give the date of the busiest day?

=INDEX(A2:A14, MATCH(B25, E2:E14)) - busiest day

Thank yous

I’m grateful to Jennifer Watt, John Mackintosh, Duncan Sage, David Coigach, Michael Robb, Angela Godfrey, Spela Oberstar, Andrew Christopherson, and other members of the KIND network for their valuable suggestions and corrections to these training materials